Manifestations of Polytheism in the Pre-Islamic Era: Divination by Arrows and the Innovations of the Ḥums as a Case Study

Abstract

This study aims to explore the manifestations of polytheism in the pre-Islamic era, particularly divination by arrows (al-azlām) and the innovations of the Ḥums, by analyzing their nature, identifying their underlying motives, and examining their theological and social impacts. It also seeks to highlight the Prophetic methodology in abolishing these practices and rectifying the course of belief. The study adopts an inductive-analytical approach, through tracing relevant texts in the Prophetic biography, as well as works of exegesis and theology, followed by analyzing them and linking them to their historical and doctrinal contexts in order to form a comprehensive understanding of these phenomena. The study concludes with several key findings, most notably: first, that polytheism in the pre-Islamic period was not limited to idol worship, but also included forms of deviant legislation, such as inventing religious rulings and prohibiting what God has permitted. Second, these practices had a profound impact on people's lives, leading to the neglect of legitimate means and causing hardship and distress, as seen in divination by arrows and the practices of the Ḥums. The study recommends conducting specialized theological research that connects ancient forms of polytheism with contemporary deviations, while employing the Prophetic approach in addressing them, and strengthening educational and da‘wah programs aimed at reinforcing monotheism and correcting doctrinal concepts within societies.