Ibn Khaldoun Journal for Studies and Researches
Ibn Khaldoun Journal for Studies and Researches was established in 2021 as a peer-reviewed academic journal under the auspices of the Ibn Al-Arabi Center for Culture and Publishing, a licensed civil society institution under the Palestinian Ministry of Culture, operating on a non-profit basis. The journal was founded with the aim of providing a scholarly platform that offers research guidance to emerging researchers and assists them in publishing their work within its pages at affordable fees accessible to all. It is noteworthy that the majority of the journal’s revenues are allocated to cover the fees for the international licenses it holds. The journal focuses on publishing research articles, studies, book reviews, critical readings, translations, and scientific experiences in the humanities and social sciences, as well as extracted research, summaries of master’s theses, doctoral dissertations, or full theses and dissertations under specific conditions. The journal is committed to following the Kaizen principle of continuous improvement from multiple perspectives.
Characteristics of Good Governance and Their Impact on the Foundations of Effective Educational Administration
The research addresses the characteristics of good governance and their impact on strengthening the foundations of sound educational administration. It emphasizes that the quality of educational performance is closely linked to the nature of the prevailing political system, whether democratic or authoritarian. Educational administration does not operate in isolation; rather, it is influenced by the political and value framework that governs the state and directs its public policies. For educational administration to fulfill its mission efficiently and evolve into a sound and effective system, the state must adopt the principles of good governance at all administrative levels. These principles include active participation, the rule of law, transparency, responsiveness to stakeholders, societal consensus, justice, efficiency, and accountability. Adopting these characteristics positively reflects on educational institutions by improving administrative performance, enhancing the quality of educational services, strengthening trust among stakeholders in the educational process, and reinforcing the values of integrity, justice, and effectiveness within the educational system. The findings indicate that good governance at the political level has a direct and positive impact on the quality of educational administration and contributes to transforming it into a sound and effective system capable of achieving its goals efficiently. The results also reveal a reciprocal relationship between good governance and educational administration: while educational administration is influenced by a good governance environment, it also plays a vital role in instilling and promoting these principles socially and politically, thereby achieving genuine integration between political reform and educational development and laying the foundation for comprehensive and sustainable development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ibn Khaldoun Journal for Studies and Researches https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Reality of Practicing Cloud-Based Educational Supervision in Government Schools from the Perspective of Educational Supervisors in the Sultanate of Oman
*]:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" tabindex="-1" data-turn-id="request-WEB:f638e8aa-d025-4334-85c6-798901cd7306-207" data-testid="conversation-turn-414" data-scroll-anchor="true" data-turn="assistant"> This study aimed to investigate the reality of practicing cloud-based educational supervision in government schools from the perspective of educational supervisors in the Sultanate of Oman, adopting the descriptive approach due to its suitability for the study’s nature and objectives. The study population consisted of 114 supervisors from the governorates of Muscat, Dhofar, North Al Sharqiyah, and South Al Sharqiyah, specializing in Information Technology, Field Two, and Mathematics during the 2023/2024 academic year, with a sample of 87 supervisors. An electronic questionnaire was used to collect the data. The findings revealed that the level of practicing cloud-based supervision was high in terms of knowledge of its concept and importance, as well as regarding proposals for its implementation and the obstacles facing it. The results also highlighted the importance of recognizing distinguished teachers and supervisors in applying cloud-based supervision and providing training programs and practical experiences in cloud computing applications to ensure its effective implementation. The study recommended formally adopting cloud-based supervision as an official supervisory model, implementing it in blended or fully online formats, providing specialized cloud-based training programs for supervisors, and honoring practitioners to promote its sustainability within the educational environment.
Political Rebellion in the Poetry of Yahya al-Samawi: A Study in the Light of the Semiotics of Passions
*]:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" tabindex="-1" data-turn-id="request-WEB:f638e8aa-d025-4334-85c6-798901cd7306-192" data-testid="conversation-turn-384" data-scroll-anchor="true" data-turn="assistant"> This study seeks to identify the passion of rebellion and trace its manifestations in the poetry of Yahya Al-Samawi in light of the Semiotics of Passions. It stems from a scholarly interest in critical studies and a desire to uncover the implicit dimensions of his poetic texts, which distinguish him from others, and to reveal the emotional interrelation between his poetry and the Semiotics of Passions through analyzing and interpreting complex textual structures. The study also acknowledges the richness of his poetic experience and its openness to multiple semiotic readings and interpretations, which motivated the title: The Passion of Rebellion in the Poetry of Yahya Al-Samawi: A Study in the Light of the Semiotics of Passions, with the aim of exploring the memory of the self and its emotional dynamics. The research adopts Greimas’s passional schema as a procedural framework to uncover the trajectory of the passional construction of rebellion. The findings indicate that the passion of rebellion in Al-Samawi’s poetry represents a reaction to the emotional struggles experienced by a troubled self, reflecting tension rooted in existential loss and alienation. This is closely linked to the poet’s lived experiences of displacement, imprisonment, torture, and exile, through which suppressed emotions transformed into an outburst of anger, resistance, and rebellion. The study recommends the necessity of political and social reform to ensure individual stability, as poetry serves as a reflection of society, mirroring its crises and transformations while being deeply influenced by its political and social context.
The Significance of Prepositions and Grammatical Elements in the Qur’an: A Syntactic and Argumentative Study
This study aims to analyze the semantic functions of prepositions and grammatical particles in the Qur’anic text and to uncover their syntactic and argumentative roles in constructing meaning and guiding Qur’anic discourse. The study is based on the assumption that grammatical particles in the Qur’an do not merely perform structural functions, but rather play an effective semantic and persuasive role that contributes to achieving the rhetorical, educational, and directive purposes of the text. Adopting a descriptive-analytical approach supported by inductive and comparative methods, the research examines selected applied models from the Qur’an, particularly from the Ḥā-Mīm chapters, in order to reveal the mechanisms through which particles are employed across different contexts. The findings demonstrate that prepositions such as kāf, min, bi, fī, ʿalā, ilā, and ʿan perform multiple argumentative functions, including emphasis, gradation, comparison, metaphor, causation, and specification, thereby contributing to guiding the recipient and shaping intended conviction. The study also shows that negation and exception structures enhance the effectiveness of Qur’anic discourse in regulating meaning and identifying the targeted audience, and it concludes by affirming the deep integration between syntactic structure and argumentative function in the Qur’an, highlighting the precision of the Qur’anic linguistic system and its remarkable capacity for persuasion and influence.
Augmented Triliteral Verb Patterns and Their Semantic Implications in the Diwan of Sayyid Nuʿmān al-Aʿrajī al-Ḥillī
This study examines the augmented triliteral verb patterns and their semantic implications in the Diwan of Sayyid Nuʿmān al-Aʿrajī al-Ḥillī, as they represent one of the significant morphological issues in Arabic linguistic scholarship due to their role in expanding, enriching, and directing the original meaning of the verb according to its form and context, thereby contributing to the construction of the overall meaning of the text and ensuring its coherence. The applied aspect of the study is based on selected texts from the Diwan, which provide a clear model of the effective use of augmented triliteral verbs and the diversity of their meanings, revealing the impact of morphological augmentation in directing and intensifying meaning, and clarifying the major augmented patterns, their contextual connotations, and the expressive functions they perform. The study further demonstrates that context plays a decisive role in determining the temporal meaning of verbs regardless of their grammatical tense form, as the past tense may denote present or future time, and other forms may likewise indicate a time different from their original tense depending on contextual requirements. The researcher adopts the descriptive-analytical method due to its suitability to the nature and objectives of the study and recommends expanding applied research on augmented verb patterns in other poetic and prose texts to conduct stylistic comparisons and uncover the structural and semantic features that distinguish each context.
Effectiveness of the Learning Stations Strategy in Developing Deep Understanding and Productive Thinking in Social Studies among Primary School Female Students
This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the Learning Stations Strategy in developing deep understanding and productive thinking in Social Studies among primary school female students, in light of the rapid cognitive and technological transformations that require reconsidering traditional teaching practices. The study was grounded in the importance of learning for understanding, enabling students to apply knowledge in real-life contexts and to develop higher-order thinking skills rather than relying solely on memorization and rote learning. It also drew on educational literature emphasizing the need to foster productive thinking, which integrates critical and creative thinking to generate practical and innovative solutions to problems. The Learning Stations Strategy is considered a modern instructional approach based on diversifying activities and organizing students into small groups that rotate among multiple learning stations, thereby promoting interaction, engagement, and active learning. Previous studies have highlighted the effectiveness of this strategy in enhancing understanding and thinking skills. Accordingly, this study underscores the importance of employing learning stations in Social Studies as an approach that deepens knowledge, develops productive thinking, and prepares students to face contemporary challenges with awareness and responsibility.
Intertextuality in the Poetry of al-Ḥusayn ibn al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīlī (d. 391 AH): A Socio-Textual Study
This study examines the phenomenon of intertextuality in the poetry of al-Ḥusayn ibn al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīlī (d. 391 AH) from a socio-textual perspective that combines textual analysis with cultural and social dimensions, focusing on two principal levels: religious (particularly Qur’anic) intertextuality and literary (especially poetic) intertextuality. Drawing on modern theoretical frameworks, including Mikhail Bakhtin’s concept of dialogism, Julia Kristeva’s notion of textual productivity, and Gérard Genette’s concept of transtextuality, the study explores the dynamics of textual interaction within the poetic structure. It analyzes the artistic mechanisms employed by the poet in incorporating reference texts—such as appropriation, transformation, and pragmatic displacement—demonstrating how he reconstructs these texts within a new poetic context marked by irony, paradox, and expressive boldness. The findings reveal that intertextuality in Ibn al-Ḥajjāj’s poetry goes beyond rhetorical ornamentation to perform a deconstructive function that redistributes symbolic authority between the sacred and the profane, and between the absent and the present text, reflecting a critical awareness of dominant discourses in his time. The study concludes that his poetry constitutes a productive textual space in which religious, literary, and social discourses intersect, mirroring the transformations of cultural and social consciousness in the Abbasid era and embodying the dynamic nature of textual interaction with its references and contexts.
Emotion Regulation and Its Relationship to Psychological Resilience among Educational Counselors in the Palestinian Governorates
The study aimed to identify the nature of the relationship between emotional regulation and psychological resilience among educational counselors in the southern governorates of Palestine. It employed the descriptive correlational method, and the sample consisted of (308) educational counselors selected through purposive sampling. The Emotional Regulation Questionnaire and the Psychological Resilience Questionnaire were administered electronically. The results indicated that the level of emotional regulation among educational counselors in the southern governorates of Palestine was high, with a mean score of (4.18) and a relative weight of (83.58%). Similarly, the level of psychological resilience was high, with a mean score of (4.10) and a relative weight of (81.90%). The findings revealed a statistically significant positive correlation between emotional regulation and psychological resilience among educational counselors. There were no statistically significant differences in emotional regulation attributable to gender or academic qualification, whereas statistically significant differences were found in psychological resilience attributable to academic qualification in favor of those with higher experience, while no differences were attributed to gender. The study recommended activating the role of professional supervision for educational counselors by the Ministry of Education – General Administration of Counseling and School Health, through organizing regular supervisory meetings, conducting professional psychological support sessions, and preparing practical guidance manuals, in order to enhance psychological and professional support for counselors and promote their psychological resilience.
Transition Toward Innovative Curricula and the Impact of Diverse Modern Teaching Methods on Enhancing Learningˆ
This study addresses the importance of transitioning toward innovative curricula as one of the most prominent contemporary educational trends aimed at developing the educational process and keeping pace with rapid cognitive and technological transformations. It examines the impact of diverse modern teaching methods on enhancing the effectiveness of these curricula and improving learners’ achievement, emphasizing the complementary relationship between flexible curriculum design and the implementation of instructional strategies that consider individual differences and promote active learning. The study explains that innovative curricula represent an integrated system encompassing objectives, content, teaching methods, and assessment strategies, with a strong focus on the learner as the center of the educational process. It reviews their key characteristics, including flexibility, learner-centeredness, the integration of theory and practice, and the promotion of active learning, as well as their philosophical, psychological, social, and scientific foundations. In addition, it highlights contemporary trends in curriculum development, such as competency-based learning, backward design, technology integration, project- and problem-based learning, and blended learning. The study also discusses modern teaching methods, including active learning, problem-based learning, cooperative learning, project-based learning, and blended learning, underscoring the impact of their diversity on improving academic achievement, enhancing critical and creative thinking, and increasing motivation and classroom engagement. It concludes that the integration of innovative curricula with diverse teaching methods constitutes a fundamental element in improving the quality of learning and achieving the goals of contemporary education.
Representations of the Sea in the Novelistic Achievement: A Comparative study
This study examines the narrative production that addresses the theme of the sea in both Western and Arabic literatures, highlighting its aesthetic and intellectual characteristics. It proceeds from the premise that the novel is one of the most significant literary genres capable of encompassing a wide range of social, political, and psychological issues, in addition to its ability to explore the human self and reveal its feelings of hope and pain. The novel also stands out in its continuous endeavor to question reality and seek its transformation toward a better state through a language that transcends the conventional and opens up new horizons, prompting readers to draw upon their cultural background to interpret, analyze, and reconstruct the text within a coherent methodological framework. Modern fiction has moved beyond exhausted themes and embraced new subjects, among which the sea emerges as a powerful artistic and intellectual motif that has contributed to the development of the novel in both form and content. This study focuses on the foundational works of Sea Literature, with particular emphasis on the works of the Arab novelist Hanna Mina as a leading representative of this trend in Arabic culture.
Digital Threats and Their Impact on Qatari National Security (An Analytical Study of Cyber Terrorism)
The study aimed to analyze the concept of digital threats and cyberterrorism, examine their impact on national, political, and economic security in the State of Qatar, and evaluate the effectiveness of the government strategies adopted to combat them, while proposing practical recommendations to strengthen the cybersecurity framework. The study is based on several hypotheses, most notably that digital threats constitute a real and growing danger to Qatari national security, and that the effectiveness of countermeasures depends on the level of integration between legislative frameworks, technical capabilities, and institutional cooperation at both the domestic and international levels. The study employed the analytical approach to examine the nature of digital threats, the descriptive approach to clarify their effects on vital sectors, in addition to the comparative approach to review selected international experiences, and the exploratory approach to diagnose practical challenges related to combating cyberterrorism. The findings indicate that cyberterrorism represents a direct threat to Qatari national security due to its ability to disrupt critical infrastructure and destabilize economic and political stability, and that although Qatar’s national cybersecurity strategies have achieved notable progress, they still require continuous development to keep pace with the evolution of digital attacks. The study recommends strengthening the development of specialized human capacities in cybersecurity and expanding regional and international cooperation to more effectively address cross-border digital threats.
Electronic Detention as an Alternative to Pre-trial Detention: Legal Implications and Challenges in Criminal Legislation
This study aimed to explore electronic detention as an alternative to pre-trial detention in modern judicial systems, analyzing the legal implications of implementing this system, in addition to reviewing the associated technical, legislative, and social challenges. It also sought to compare the experiences of different countries in applying electronic detention, focusing on its effectiveness in ensuring justice and protecting individual rights. Several hypotheses were tested in the study, including the idea that electronic detention offers a flexible and effective alternative to traditional pre-trial detention, but faces technical challenges related to data security and monitoring effectiveness. It was also found to require legislative adjustments to ensure its alignment with national and international laws. Additionally, the study examined its impact on the social and psychological rights of the accused. The study relied on a comparative analytical methodology, analyzing the legal frameworks related to pre-trial and electronic detention in various countries, and examining the experiences of those countries in applying this system. The study concluded that electronic detention could serve as an effective alternative to pre-trial detention in some cases, enhancing respect for the personal rights of the accused, but the technologies used face challenges regarding data protection. It also found that there is a need to amend criminal legislation to accommodate this system. The study recommended updating legislation to include precise regulations for electronic detention, strengthening cybersecurity, activating continuous judicial oversight mechanisms, and conducting social and psychological studies to assess its impact on the accused.
Analyzing Some of Craig Considine's Views Through His Book: The Humanity of Muhammad: a Christian View
This study aims to analyze Craig Considine’s perspective in his book “The Humanity of Muhammad from a Christian Perspective” through a critical analytical approach based on examining the book’s content and comparing it with relevant Islamic and historical sources. The study seeks to explore the humanistic image of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) in contemporary Christian discourse and to highlight its intellectual and civilizational dimensions. It focuses on three main themes: the event of the Najran delegation as a model of interfaith dialogue grounded in mutual respect and understanding; the Prophet’s stance against racism, exemplified through the status of Bilal ibn Rabah as a practical affirmation of equality; and the concept of seeking knowledge as a central value in Islam closely linked to faith and human development. The study concludes that Considine presents a relatively fair and balanced portrayal emphasizing the universal human dimension of the Prophet’s life, and that these values provide a shared foundation for strengthening interfaith dialogue and promoting justice and coexistence. The study recommends expanding comparative research on mutual religious representations and activating shared human values within contemporary academic and cultural discourse.
GREEN FINANCE AND ITS ROLE IN RECONSTRUCTION AND COMBATING CLIMATE CHANGE IN SYRIA: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS WITH THE INTEGRATION OF WAQF IN GREEN FINANCING
This paper explores the potential role of green waqf in fostering sustainable growth in Syria, particularly during the post-war reconstruction phase, by examining how the environmental objectives of Islamic Shariah can be integrated with the economic and social imperatives of national recovery. It proposes the establishment of a green waqf institution to manage endowed assets and channel investments into sustainable projects such as renewable energy, reforestation, water resource management, and organic agriculture, while highlighting the role of Shariah supervisory boards in ensuring compliance with Islamic principles. The study identifies the political, economic, and social challenges that may affect the implementation of this model and suggests practical solutions, including supportive legislation, enhanced transparency, and awareness initiatives aimed at rebuilding public trust. It concludes that green waqf can serve as a strategic instrument for reconstructing Syria’s infrastructure in an environmentally and economically sustainable manner, while promoting local development and social equity.
Ethical Leadership and Its Relationship with Job Performance in Yemeni Public Universities from the Perspective of Academic and Administrative Leaders
This study aimed to assess the level of ethical leadership practices and job performance in Yemeni public universities, in addition to analyzing the correlational relationship between them and exploring the extent to which ethical leadership influences institutional performance. The research employed a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing SPSS for data processing according to survey and correlation methods, with an emphasis on providing accurate and reliable results. Primary data were collected through a comprehensive questionnaire administered to a sample of 370 academic and administrative leaders from five diverse Yemeni public universities, ensuring balanced representation of administrative and academic levels. The findings indicated that ethical leadership practices were implemented at a moderate overall level, while job performance was generally high, suggesting relatively good performance despite potential organizational challenges. The analysis also revealed a statistically significant positive correlation between ethical leadership and job performance, confirming the critical role of ethical leadership in enhancing institutional effectiveness. Based on these results, the study recommended strengthening ethical leadership practices in the universities under study through continuous training and development programs, due to their direct and significant impact on improving job performance and creating a more balanced and effective educational and administrative environment.
L’évaluation de la performance hospitalière : Le modèle PATH comme levier d’amélioration de performance de l’hôpital public marocain
English: Assessing hospital performance has become a key issue for governance and managerial decision-making in a context marked by increasing pressure on public health systems. Once largely approached through financial or productivity-based measures, hospital performance is now widely recognized as a multidimensional concept encompassing clinical, organizational, and human dimensions. In this context, the article offers a critical review of the main hospital performance assessment models developed within the field of management sciences, with particular attention given to the Performance Assessment Tool for Hospitals (PATH) designed by the World Health Organization (WHO). Drawing on a documentary and comparative analysis of major theoretical frameworks—including unidimensional models, the Donabedian framework, the Balanced Scorecard, EGIPSS, and PATH—the study examines the conditions under which the PATH model can be transferred and adapted to the context of Moroccan public hospitals, which is characterized by ongoing public sector reforms, particularly within the healthcare system. The findings suggest that unidimensional approaches fall short of capturing the organizational complexity of public hospitals. In contrast, the PATH model stands out for its integrative and participatory nature, as well as its clear orientation toward continuous improvement. Despite persistent challenges related to hospital information systems, managerial culture, and stakeholder ownership, the article highlights the potential of the PATH model as a strategic lever for modernizing hospital performance management in Morocco. Keywords: hospital performance, PATH model, performance assessment, health system reform, public hospitals Française: Face aux pressions croissantes exercées sur les systèmes de santé publics, l’évaluation de la performance hospitalière s’impose comme un enjeu stratégique de gouvernance et de pilotage managérial. Cet article propose une revue critique des principaux modèles d’évaluation de la performance hospitalière issus des sciences de gestion, avec un accent particulier sur le modèle PATH (Performance Assessment Tool for Hospitals), développé par l’Organisation mondiale de la Santé (OMS). À travers une analyse documentaire et comparative des cadres théoriques — modèles unidimensionnels, modèle de Donabedian, Balanced Scorecard, EGIPSS et PATH — l’étude examine les conditions de transférabilité et d’adaptation de ce modèle au contexte des hôpitaux publics marocains, dans un environnement marqué par des réformes de la gestion publique et du financement du système de santé. Les résultats montrent que les approches unidimensionnelles demeurent insuffisantes pour appréhender la complexité organisationnelle des hôpitaux, tandis que le modèle PATH se distingue par son caractère intégrateur, participatif et orienté vers l’amélioration continue. Malgré des contraintes liées aux systèmes d’information, à la culture managériale et à l’appropriation par les acteurs, l’article met en évidence le potentiel du modèle PATH en tant que levier stratégique pour la modernisation du pilotage de la performance hospitalière au Maroc. Mots-clés : performance hospitalière, modèle PATH, évaluation de la performance, réforme sanitaire, hôpitaux publics.
The Centrality of Grammar in the Organization of Literary Discourse According to Al-Jurjani
This study aims to highlight the centrality of grammar in the theory of "nazm" (syntactic organization) as developed by Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani, one of the most prominent figures in the Arabic linguistic and rhetorical tradition. The study demonstrates that al-Jurjani did not regard grammar merely as a set of rules governing linguistic correctness; rather, he considered it the foundational principle underlying the construction of eloquent literary discourse and the core of the organizational process through which rhetorical excellence is achieved. The study focuses on the role of grammar within the stages of discourse formation, particularly in the stage of syntactic linkage between words, where structural relations are determined according to contextual requirements, the conditions of the audience, and the speaker’s intentions. It also explains how al-Jurjani established "nazm" as a comprehensive theory grounded in the meanings and principles of grammar, applying it to the interpretation of Qur’anic discourse and the exploration of its miraculous nature, as well as to the production, analysis, and النقد of literary discourse. Al-Jurjani elevated grammar beyond the level of distinguishing correctness from error to uncovering subtle rhetorical and semantic nuances embedded in syntactic structures, thereby affirming grammar as the central pillar of his rhetorical theory.
Educational Design and Gamification: The Impact of Contemporary Pedagogical Approaches on Enhancing Active Learning and Intrinsic Motivation among Learners
This study examines the growing phenomenon of learners’ disengagement from the Tunisian educational system by the horizon of 2025, within a context still marked by the dominance of transmissive approaches and the assignment of a passive role to the learner in the educational process, which contributes to declining motivation and weak engagement in learning. In this framework, the study proposes the integration of gamification as an innovative pedagogical approach aimed at making learning more engaging and better aligned with the demands of the digital age. It highlights its role in supporting active learning and developing the competency of the ability to act effectively in context through enhancing interaction, participation, and experiential learning. The analysis is grounded in Self-Determination Theory as a conceptual framework for understanding learners’ intrinsic motivation, with particular emphasis on the needs for autonomy and competence development. The study concludes by calling for the reform of educational practices in Tunisia through the adoption of learner-centered approaches capable of addressing learners’ cognitive and psychological needs and reducing school disengagement in the context of digital transformation.
The Effectiveness of a 21st Century Skills-Based Program in Teaching Islamic Education for Developing Creative Thinking Skills Among Third-Year Secondary School Female Students in the Capital Secretariat of Sana’a
This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a program based on 21st-century skills in teaching Islamic Education and its impact on developing creative thinking skills among third-grade secondary female students in the Capital Secretariat of Sana’a. The researchers employed the descriptive approach using the construction and development method to prepare a list of 21st-century skills, design the proposed program, and develop the student’s guide. They also adopted the experimental method with a two-group design (experimental and control), applying both pre- and post-measurements. The experiment was conducted on a sample of 56 students, and the research instrument consisted of a creative thinking skills test. The findings revealed statistically significant differences at the significance level of (0.001) between the mean scores of the two groups in the post-application of the creative thinking skills test, with the differences favoring the experimental group. The results also showed statistically significant differences at the same level between the mean scores of the experimental group in the pre and post-applications, in favor of the post-application. The program demonstrated high effectiveness in developing students’ skills, with a normalized gain of (1.42), exceeding the benchmark of (1.2) set for high effectiveness. Based on these findings, the researchers recommended adopting the 21st-century skills-based program in teaching curricula at various educational stages, integrating creative thinking skills into all subjects, and conducting further complementary studies in this field.
The Rise of the Far-Right and Its Implications for Global Security
Today, Western societies are witnessing a noticeable rise of far-right ideology among the public and political parties, with some of these forces gradually gaining access to positions of power and parliamentary seats. This shift in popular tendencies and the desire to elect right-wing representatives as voices for their aspirations calls for careful examination of this phenomenon, analyzing the prospects of far-right ascendancy in Europe and its current and future impact on international security—especially given that the countries where the right controls political decision-making are major and globally influential. This study focuses on the far-right: its emergence, development, and distribution across European countries, while analyzing its effect on global security. It consists of an introduction, three chapters, and a conclusion, with the first chapter defining the far-right, the second examining the causes of its emergence, and the third exploring the relationship between the far-right and international security. The study concludes that the rise of the far-right worldwide, particularly in Europe, represents a serious phenomenon with significant implications for international security and the overall political landscape. It recommends strengthening moderate discourse domestically, regionally, and internationally, ensuring alignment with a bloc of nations that adopt a similar moderate approach and avoid extremist policies, which could otherwise contribute to the spread of global conflicts.
Far-right, extremist ideology, global security
The Causes of the Power Struggle between Maloum and Hébri in Chad (1978–1979)
The civil war that broke out on the morning of February 12, 1979, in N’Djamena was preceded by a series of preparations undertaken by two rival parties: the Supreme Military Council (CSM) led by Malloum, and the Armed Forces Northern Command Council (CCFAN) led by Habré. The two adversaries signed a peace agreement in Khartoum, which was later ratified by a Fundamental Charter acting as a constitution on August 25, 1978. However, both competitors had their own agendas and objectives: Malloum aimed, through the Fundamental Charter, to incorporate Habré into his regime, thereby isolating him from other rebel factions, containing him, and using him to strike the Frolina rebels. Habré, on the other hand, sought to infiltrate the system and eventually overthrow it. Disagreements soon surfaced as each party interpreted the provisions of the Fundamental Charter in a way that enhanced its own authority while undermining the other, leading to obstruction of state institutions. The situation escalated further as both sides began preparing for armed confrontation: Habré moved hundreds of his fighters from the eastern part of the country to the capital, N’Djamena, and recruited thousands of young men, while the Supreme Military Council transferred a large quantity of heavy weaponry from the Mossoro military base to N’Djamena. Propaganda and media warfare also intensified, with Habré mobilizing the northerners and Malloum rallying the southerners. In general, between September 1978 and February 1979, Chad experienced the existence of two rival armies and governments in the capital, plunging the country into a fierce civil war that devastated both people and infrastructure. As a result, Malloum lost power, which passed to one of the northern Frolina factions, while Habré became an active participant in the conflict.
Reference to power in pre-Islamic poetry (Analytical study)
The study examined the means of strength and resilience that shaped the prestige of the tribe, making it a formidable fortress and a solid shield capable of safeguarding its security and possessions, and deterring anyone who might attempt to harm it. It highlighted that this strength rendered the tribe feared and respected, resilient against enemies, and able to inflict significant damage on any aggressor, leaving an enduring impact. This power was not limited to defense alone but also served as a source of strength in times of peace, providing the tribe with the means for a dignified life and enhancing its social and economic standing. The research concluded that every aspect of pre-Islamic society could be harnessed as a deterrent, ensuring the tribe's protection while respecting communal rights and values. It also emphasized the symbolic triad of (the birth of a boy, the emergence of a poet, and the crowning of a horse) as a source of integrated strength that shielded the tribe from the oppression of aggressors and safeguarded its resources and status. Based on these findings, the study recommended a deeper exploration of this rich and inexhaustible heritage, analyzing the living conditions, surrounding circumstances, and adaptive strategies of pre-Islamic society, in order to draw lessons that can inspire contemporary approaches to social cohesion, community protection, and political resilience.
Water Jurisprudence in Islam and the Challenges of Water Management in Mauritania
This study examines the significance of water in Islamic law and the regulations governing its utilization according to Maliki jurisprudence, while contextualizing these principles within the contemporary water management challenges in Mauritania, characterized by scarcity and developmental pressures. It highlights the purposive and normative role of Islamic jurisprudence in guiding sustainable water policies. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, complemented by a deductive method to apply fiqh principles to the Mauritanian water context. Findings reveal that Maliki jurisprudence provides a comprehensive legal framework for water resource management, emphasizing the communal nature of water, restrictions on private ownership, prevention of harm and monopoly, and prioritization of essential needs. Applying these principles in Mauritania legitimizes state intervention in regulating and protecting water resources from overuse and pollution, while promoting equitable distribution. The study recommends integrating fiqh-based and purposive principles into national water legislation and policy, thereby ensuring sustainable resource management and balancing the imperatives of Sharia with contemporary development needs.
The Rhetorical Argument of Negation and Interrogation in Surah Al-Hum: An Analytical Study
This research aims to examine the rhetorical argumentation of negation and interrogation in the Ḥā-Mīm Surahs (Āl Ḥā-Mīm) through an analysis of their semantic and persuasive functions in Qurʾānic discourse. The study proceeds from the premise that negation and interrogation in these surahs are not merely linguistic or syntactic devices; rather, they function as effective argumentative mechanisms that contribute to establishing doctrinal truths, refuting doubts, and addressing both reason and emotion. The research adopts a descriptive–analytical approach, supported by rhetorical–argumentative and contextual methodologies, to reveal how tools of negation are employed to invalidate false claims and affirm major doctrinal issues such as monotheism, resurrection, and revelation. It also elucidates the role of rhetorical interrogation in achieving purposes such as denial, affirmation, reproach, and intellectual stimulation. In addition, the study seeks to highlight the relationship between the polemical Qurʾānic context and the orientation of the argumentative meanings of these devices. The research concludes that the Ḥā-Mīm Surahs constitute a prominent model of Qurʾānic argumentative discourse, in which negation and interrogation integrate to construct coherent and compelling arguments that progress from rational refutation to psychological impact, thereby enhancing the rhetorical persuasiveness of the Qurʾānic text. The findings further demonstrate that the combination of negation and interrogation produces a complex argumentative effect that reinforces meaning, obliges the addressee through proof, and brings about the intended intellectual transformation.
The Phonetic Thought of Muhammad Hasan Jabal: A Study within the Framework of Heritage and Modern Phonetic Analysis
This study examines the phonetic renewal in " Muhammad Hasan Jabal’s" Al-Mukhtasar fī Aṣwāt al-Lughah al-ʿArabiyyah by analyzing three major sound groups: plosive sounds, emphatic sounds, and non-sonorant (muṣmat) sounds. The research aims to uncover the foundations of Jabal’s methodology in interpreting phonetic features and to clarify his contribution to Arabic phonetic studies through integrating classical concepts with modern phonetic analysis. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical and comparative approach, tracing Jabal’s views and conducting precise phonetic analyses, while comparing them with classical scholars (al-Khalil, Sibawayh, Makki) and modern linguists (Ibrahim Anis, Kamal Bishr) to identify similarities, differences, and aspects of renewal in understanding sound features and articulation mechanisms. Findings indicate that Jabal did not dismantle traditional classifications but reinterpreted them articulatorily, clarifying the role of the speech organs, airflow, and independence of phonetic features. His renewal in plosive sounds emphasizes separating intensity from voicing and linking it to air retention. In emphatic sounds, Jabal presents them as a complex articulatory process involving coordination of the tongue’s tip, middle, and back. Regarding non-sonorant sounds, he reinterprets them in terms of lightness and heaviness, linking them to word structure. The study recommended that researchers apply Jabal’s methodology in future phonetic studies by conducting experimental laboratory analyses of plosive, emphatic, and non-sonorant sounds to validate theoretical findings. Expanding research on phonetic renewal to include other sound features such as qalqala, ghunna, and spreading. And using the findings as a basis for comparative studies between classical Arabic phonetics and modern phonetic analysis.
The Trade Caravan Movement in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Study of the City of Abéché in Chad during the Twentieth Century
This study aims to highlight the commercial significance of the city of Abéché by collecting and analyzing documented information from historical sources and references, in order to demonstrate its prominent economic role as a bridge connecting the countries of North and Sub-Saharan Africa. The topic was chosen due to the critical importance of trade movement in Sub-Saharan Africa, as Abéché emerged as a distinctive commercial center, occupying a strategic position among the countries of Central Africa. The study follows a descriptive historical approach and is divided into two main sections: the first examines the history and foundation of Abéché, emphasizing the historical and geographical factors that contributed to its development, while the second focuses on the city’s markets and commercial centers, highlighting their role in organizing economic activity and facilitating trade exchange. The study concludes that Abéché is an indispensable stopover for trans-Saharan traders and serves as a vital link between Arab and African countries, making it a key point of interest for merchants and investors. Therefore, the study recommends giving greater attention to Abéché and supporting its economic development, given its strategic importance in regional trade.
Public Order and Its Impact on the Conflict of Laws: A Maqasidic Jurisprudential Study Based on Saudi Regulations
This study examines the concept of public order and its impact on conflict of laws in legal relationships involving a foreign element through a jurisprudential and maqāṣid-based analysis in light of the Saudi legal system. It establishes the conceptual framework of public order and clarifies its legal and Sharia-based nature, highlighting its connection to the objectives of Islamic law as the supreme normative framework governing its function. The study addresses public order as a fundamental limitation on the application of foreign law and analyzes the criterion for its exclusion based on the doctrine of public order by result, which relies on assessing consequences and practical effects. It further examines the jurisprudential, statutory, and judicial foundations for prioritizing public order over private rights, establishing a hierarchical rule whereby national public order derived from Islamic law prevails over private rights arising from foreign law and international considerations, within the limits of non-conflicting peremptory international norms. The study also explores the relationship between public order and the authority of judicial decisions, subjecting the recognition and enforcement of domestic and foreign judgments to public order review by the forum state. Finally, the study applies these frameworks to matters of personal status and financial and commercial transactions, concluding that public order is not an instrument of exclusion but a balancing mechanism that promotes justice, preserves legal identity, and harmonizes legal openness with the objectives of Islamic law and national particularities.
Transitional Justice in Rwanda and South Africa as a Model for Addressing the Sudanese Case
This study examines transitional justice in Rwanda and South Africa as models for addressing the Sudanese case, exploring how transitional justice mechanisms could be applied in Sudan based on the post-conflict experiences of Rwanda and South Africa. The research problem centers on determining the extent to which Sudan is capable of implementing transitional justice amid complex political and social challenges, including ethnic divisions and ongoing political conflicts. The significance of the study lies in analyzing the successful experiences of Rwanda and South Africa, both of which managed to achieve national reconciliation and rebuild social trust after prolonged periods of violence and division, and in presenting these experiences as models that may be adapted to the Sudanese context. The study aims to analyze transitional justice experiences in Rwanda and South Africa, assess the feasibility of their application in Sudan, and identify the key challenges that may hinder this process. It also addresses the role of the international community in supporting transitional justice in Sudan and proposes practical mechanisms suited to the Sudanese context. The study adopts a comparative analytical approach, comparing transitional justice in Rwanda and South Africa with the Sudanese context, drawing on data from previous studies, international reports, and interviews. The findings indicate that Sudan faces significant challenges in implementing transitional justice; however, the experiences of Rwanda and South Africa offer important lessons that can contribute to achieving national reconciliation and rebuilding trust. The study recommends strengthening political will in Sudan to support transitional justice mechanisms, developing social and psychological compensation programs for victims, and reforming the Sudanese judicial system in line with international standards of transitional justice.
Implementation of transitional justice in Sudan
Comparative lessons of transitional justice
The Book Al-Firdaws bi-Ma’thur al-Khitab by Abu Shuja‘, Shiruyah ibn Shahrdar al-Daylami (445–509 AH): Verification and Study (From Hadith No. 11368 to Hadith No. 11370)
This study deals with the verification and analysis of the book Al-Firdaws bi-Ma’thur al-Khitab by the esteemed Hafiz Abu Shuja‘ Shiruyah ibn Shahrdar al-Daylami (445–509 AH), focusing on the hadiths numbered 11368 to 11370, which pertain to the virtue of freeing a slave in Islam. The research problem lies in the fact that the currently published editions of the book contain numerous omissions and errors, and have not been subjected to rigorous scholarly verification, despite the existence of older and more accurate manuscripts. The study aims to investigate and authenticate the hadiths, preserve the manuscript heritage, and standardize the textual content, while examining the chains of transmission (asānid) and evaluating the hadiths. The research adopts a scientific methodology for text verification, which includes comparing manuscripts, correcting orthographic errors, documenting textual variations, and numbering the hadiths. In addition, it involves the authentication and citation of hadiths and reports from reliable sources, studying the narrators and their chains of transmission, explaining rare or unusual terms, and providing translations for obscure proper names and locations. The significance of this study lies in the fact that Al-Firdaws is an important source of prophetic traditions, preserving hadiths from now-lost books. Rigorous scholarly verification allows for the production of an accurate edition that serves researchers and those interested in Islamic heritage. The findings demonstrate the importance of the book as a primary source of hadiths. The study has clarified the author’s methodology in documenting traditions and provided recommendations for completing the full verification of the book, thereby granting researchers access to a scholarly edition that contributes to enriching the Islamic library and enabling precise study of the book’s topics.
The Book "Al-Firdaws bi-Ma’thur al-Khitab" by Abu Shuja‘ Shiruyah ibn Shahrdar al-Daylami (445–509 AH): Verification and Study (From Hadith No. 11322 to Hadith No. 11328)
This study examines the book "Al-Firdaws bi-Ma’thur al-Khitab" by Abu Shuja‘، Shiruyah ibn Shahrdar al-Daylami (445–509 AH)" through a scholarly verification and analysis، focusing on Hadiths numbered 11322 to 11328، which relate to the virtue of performing ghusl (ritual purification) on Fridays. The study aims to explore the author’s biography، the characteristics of the book، and a thematic analysis of the Hadiths on the virtue of ghusl within their religious and scholarly context. The research is structured into an introduction، three chapters، and a conclusion. Chapter One provides a brief overview of the author’s life and major contributions. Chapter Two discusses the book itself، highlighting its significance، topics، number of Hadiths، and available editions. Chapter Three is dedicated to the study of Hadiths concerning the virtue of ghusl on Fridays (Hadiths 11322–11328)، analyzing their legal and ethical implications. The study concludes that the correct scientific title of the book is Al-Firdaws bi-Ma’thur al-Khitab، and it exists in two editions: the first containing ten thousand Hadiths، and the second twelve thousand Hadiths. The research also confirms the virtue of ghusl on Fridays as an expiation for sins. Based on these findings، the study recommends completing the full verification of the book to provide an accurate scholarly edition and to facilitate thematic studies of its Hadiths، thereby enriching the Islamic library.