Iraqi-Russian relations in the context of international competition in the Middle East region

Abstract

This study examines the evolution of Iraqi–Russian relations within the context of international competition in the Middle East from the collapse of the Soviet Union to the present. It focuses on the geopolitical, economic, and security factors shaping these relations. The study shows that this relationship has undergone multiple phases, beginning with a strategic alliance during the Cold War, followed by a decline after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003, before gradually recovering, particularly after 2008. The study indicates that economic factors—especially the energy sector—constitute the primary driver of Russian policy toward Iraq, alongside security cooperation in combating terrorism, particularly during the war against ISIS. Russia also seeks to enhance its influence in Iraq as part of its strategy to balance Western influence, while Iraq aims to leverage international competition to diversify its partnerships and maximize its national interests. The study concludes that relations between the two countries are characterized by pragmatism, with economic and security interests taking precedence over ideological considerations. It also explores future scenarios of this relationship, suggesting that it will likely continue within a balanced pragmatic framework, without evolving into a full strategic alliance or a decisive Iraqi alignment with any major international power.